biofilm

lms are ubiquitous in natural and artificial environments. They play vital roles in: Environmental processes (e.g., nutrient cycling, wastewater treatment) Medical contexts (e.g., chronic infections, implant-related infections) Industrial settings (e.g., biofouling, bioremedi

al microbiological cultures fail to identify any causative pathogens. The phenomenon of culture negativity complicates diagnosis, delays appropriate treatment, and may contribute to poor patient outcomes. Un

de range of HAIs, including: Device-associated infections: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Chronic wound infections: Diabetic foot ulcer